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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
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Results for trafficking in persons
14 results foundAuthor: Andrees, Beate Title: Forced Labour and Human Trafficking: A Handbook for Labour Inspectors Summary: This handbook is designed for use in training seminars and as a reference book for policy development. It provides background information with the latest statistics on forced labour and trafficking, national and regional responses, methods of victim identification and investigation of forced labor cases. Details: Geneva: International Labour Office, 2008. 61p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 118232 Keywords: Forced Labor (Handbooks)Human Trafficking (Handbooks)Trafficking in Persons |
Author: Adams, William Title: An Analysis of Federally Prosecuted CSEC Cases since the Passage of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act of 2000 Summary: This study examined the prosecution of the commercial sexual exploitation of children and youth (CSEC) in the United States. The research took the form of a national analysis of federal prosecutions since the passage of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) in 2000, answering the following research questions: (1) Is the United States enforcing existing federal laws related to CSEC? (2) What are the key features of successfully prosecuted CSEC cases? (3) Have the U.S. courts increased penalties associated with sexual crimes against children? (4) What are the effects of CSEC legislation on service providers who work with victims? This assessment provides policy makers with a means of assessing the effects of legislation aimed at combating CSEC. Details: Washington, DC: Justice Policy Center, Urban Institute, 2008. 163p. Source: Final Report: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 27, 2012 at http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411813_CSEC_analysis.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411813_CSEC_analysis.pdf Shelf Number: 123832 Keywords: Commerical Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC)Human TraffickingProsecutionTrafficking in PersonsViolence |
Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Title: The International Legal Definition of Trafficking in Persons: Consolidation of Research Findings and Reflection on Issues Raised Summary: In line with the steady progress towards universal ratification of the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol, UNODC has, in recent years, continued to evolve its efforts to bring greater clarity on the internationally agreed-upon definition on trafficking in persons. Despite the best efforts of drafters and the harmonization of national laws with the international definition, States are in fact still grappling with practical, day-to-day challenges stemming from a lack of conceptual understanding of 'trafficking in persons'. This, in turn, leads to inconsistent application of trafficking laws and ultimately hampers the effective implementation of the international legal framework around this crime, and its national equivalents. On 22 January 2019, UNODC launched a new Issue Paper on The International Legal Definition of Trafficking in Persons, thanks to the generous and long-term support of the Government of Switzerland. This publication consolidates learning from the drafting and publication of three earlier technical issue papers and one guidance note regarding specific elements of the legal definition of trafficking in persons:The new paper aims, in particular, to guide consideration and development of practical guiding principles for criminal justice practitioners that emerge from the three definitional concept papers, and the underlying practical experience in over 30 jurisdictions, as well as determine next steps for further research and analysis. In order to bring together the broadest range of views and perspectives, the development of this and the previous issue papers involved detailed in-country research, conducted through the dissemination of surveys that included analysis of national legal frameworks and associated practice, as well as interviews with national practitioners. The findings were then scrutinized during extensive consultations with independent, national and regional experts who shared information and provided important conceptual inputs as well as country case studies. The underlying cooperative efforts exemplify UNODC's commitment to ensuring the integrity of its work within its mandate of providing robust legislative assistance to States. As part of the efforts to bring about conceptual clarity as well as stronger reflection on State practice and experience, UNODC is also currently working on the review and revision of two important guidance materials, namely the Legislative Guide to the United Nations Trafficking in Persons Protocol (published in 2004), supporting ratification and implementation of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children and the Model Law against Trafficking in Persons (published in 2009), supporting the review and amendment of existing legislation and adoption of new legislation by States themselves. The revision exercise started with a first expert consultation in December 2018 and a second one in January 2019 on the Model Law. To those, a further consultation on the revision of the Legislative Guide will follow on 28-30 January 2019, as well as an additional expert consultation in early February 2019 to finalize the revision of the Model Law. The revised versions of these tools are expected to be published in mid-2019. Details: Vienna, Austria: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, 2018. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 30, 2019 at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/2018/Issue_Paper_International_Definition_TIP.pdf Year: 2018 Country: International URL: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/webstories2018/new-issue-paper-on-the-international-legal-definition-of-trafficking-in-persons.html Shelf Number: 156073 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Trafficking in Persons |
Author: European Parliament. Directorate-General for External Policies. Policy Department Title: Contemporary Forms of Slavery Summary: This briefing aims to clarify the concept of contemporary forms of slavery and analyse the legal obligations of States, as well as recent international developments at global and EU levels. It highlights the inconsistent application of the concept by global governance actors and discusses the inclusion of various exploitative practices within this conceptual framework. It also examines the prevalence of contemporary forms of slavery and assesses the policy framework for EU external action. The briefing then recommends possible action by the EU, including: promotion of a more consistent definition and use of the concept of contemporary forms of slavery and further clarifications on the relationship with the human trafficking and forced labour frameworks; a role for the EU as catalyst in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and Targets in the field of all contemporary forms of slavery; support for standardising methods of data collection globally. Finally, the paper invites the EU to assess the possibility of drafting a new treaty on contemporary forms of slavery, as a way to fill some existing loopholes at the international level. Details: Brussels, Belgium: European Parliament, Directorate General for External Policies of the Union, 2018. 70p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 20, 2019 at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/603470/EXPO_STU(2018)603470_EN.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Europe URL: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EXPO_STU(2018)603470 Shelf Number: 156530 Keywords: Child Labor Data Collection Forced Labor Human Trafficking Indentured Servitude Modern Slavery Trafficking in Persons |
Author: Lahlou, Mehdi Title: Migration Dynamics in Play in Morocco: Trafficking and Political Relationships and Their Implications at the Regional Level Summary: In 2018, Morocco became the first country of departure for migrants from Africa, as Spain became, simultaneously, the most important gateway to Europe during the same year. For Spain, this development revived fears generated by the events of autumn 2005, when hundreds of migrants breached, for the first time, the security fences between its cities in the North of Africa (Ceuta and Melilla) and the rest of Morocco. It also recalled the arrival of 32,000 migrants, primarily from Mauritania and Senegal, in the Canary Islands from May to September 2006. In that sense, the history of irregular migration between Africa and Europe seems to have been repeated since the beginning of the current century. Thus, the recent migration trends in the western Mediterranean indicate that, even if Morocco does everything it can and collaborates fully with European migration policy, as is the case today, these actions will not reduce irregular migration to the northern shores of the Mediterranean - and stop all the trafficking it induces - unless a new approach to security, economic and social conditions is adopted in the countries of departure. The management of migration from Africa needs to be conducted as part of a global, coherent and multilateral approach. Migration policies led by the European Union as well as the Maghreb countries must be implemented in close partnership with sub-Saharan countries of departure. Such cooperation must include not only the signing of readmission agreements with every African country from which the migrants depart, but also smart development plans to reduce the level of emigration. Moreover, in regard to migration via the southern coast of Spain, it seems clear that without effective Moroccan-Algerian cooperation, Morocco's eastern border will continue to experience high migratory pressure, even if the two countries complete the "walls of protection" they started building years ago between their respective territories. And that pressure will necessarily be borne by Spain and the rest of Europe. Details: Florence, Italy: Middle East and North Africa Regional Architecture, 2018. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 20, 2019 at: https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/menara_wp_26.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Morocco URL: http://www.menaraproject.eu/portfolio-items/migration-dynamics-in-play-in-morocco-trafficking-and-political-relationships-and-their-implications-at-the-regional-level/ Shelf Number: 156531 Keywords: Border Security Emigration Human Trafficking Migrants Migration Policy Morocco Trafficking in Persons |
Author: International Justice Mission Title: Labor Trafficking in Cambodia: A Review of the Public Justice System's Response Summary: This report highlights relevant government agencies' noteworthy recent accomplishments and improvements, remaining gaps and challenges, and recommendations for the Cambodian public justice system and its partners in combatting trafficking in persons. It calls for enhanced, expanded and institutionalized training, specific guidelines to be issued where laws or best practices are unclear, the implementation of international instruments and innovations for cross-border collaboration, and continuing to improve collaboration between government and non-government agencies within Cambodia. Details: Washington, DC: International Justice Mission, 2016. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 21, 2019 at: https://www.ijm.org/documents/studies/labor_trafficking_in_cambodia_-_a_review_of_the_pjss_response_ijm_2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Cambodia URL: http://www.respect.international/labor-trafficking-in-cambodia-a-review-of-the-public-justice-systems-response/ Shelf Number: 156560 Keywords: Cambodia Exploited Labor Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Trafficking Trafficking in Persons |
Author: Bird, Lucia Title: Trafficking in Persons in Conflict Contexts: What is a Realistic Response from Africa? Summary: This brief draws on field research conducted on trafficking in persons in four protracted conflicts in Africa - Central African Republic, Libya, Nigeria and Somalia - to explore what constitutes realistic and effective responses to trafficking in persons in conflict contexts. It argues that counter-trafficking efforts should be part of broader work to enhance community resilience to organised crime and to address long-standing needs, while responses which rely on the state, or approach the issue through a criminal lens, should be treated with caution. Details: Geneva, Switzerland: Enhancing Africa's Response to Transnational Organized Crime, 2019. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 12, 2019 at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2019-06-30-tip-policy-brief-10.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Africa URL: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/trafficking-persons-conflict-context-what-realistic-response-africa Shelf Number: 156963 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Trafficking in Persons |
Author: Weine, Stevan Title: Alleged Convergent Transnational Crimes in Somali-American Communities Summary: This study aimed to build scientific knowledge on the emergence and trajectories of alleged violent extremism and trafficking in persons in Somali-American communities in the U.S. It aimed to generate better understanding of possible convergence issues involved so as to inform policy and practice. Part of the study gathered facts regarding alleged violent extremism and trafficking in persons in Somali-American communities in the United States. Details: Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois at Chicago, 2019. 3p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 14, 2019 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/252136.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/252136.pdf Shelf Number: 156994 Keywords: Extremism Radicalization Terrorism Trafficking in Persons |
Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office for South Asia Title: India Country Report: To Prevent and Combat Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Women Summary: Traffi cking of human beings, especially of women and children, is an organized crime that violates basic human rights. As per the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Traffi cking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, traffi cking is defi ned as any activity leading to recruitment, transportation, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or a position of vulnerability. Traffi cking as a crime has seen an increasing trend especially in the last two decades globally. Human traffi cking has been identifi ed as the third largest source of profi t for organized crime, following arms and drug traffi cking, generating billions of dollars annually at the global level. Traffi cking takes places for various purposes such as labour, prostitution, organ trade, drug couriers, arms smuggling etc. However, these cannot be seen in isolation as they have a crosscutting nexus and linkage, which compounds the constraints faced in tackling the problem. It is also seen that while the methods used for traffi cking such as coercion, duping, luring, abducting, kidnapping etc. are commonly cited, it is the social and economic constraints of the victims that make them most vulnerable. With growing globalization and liberalization, the possibilities and potential for traffi cking have also grown. People tend to migrate in search of better opportunities. Though this is a positive trend, it has also led to the emergence of other complex issues such as smuggling of people across borders and unsafe migration by unscrupulous touts and agents. While trafficking has severe implications on the psycho-social and economic well-being of the victim, highly adverse ramifications are also seen on the society and the nation. By denying the victims their basic rights to good health, nutrition, education and economic independence, the country loses a large number of women and children as victims to this crime, who otherwise would have contributed productively to its growth. A growing concern is that trafficking has an adverse impact on the problem of HIV/AIDS too. Some studies have revealed that the longer the confinement in brothels, the greater is the probability of the victims contracting HIV/AIDS due to poor negotiation for safe sex methods. The country has to incur huge costs for health and rehabilitation as well as for law enforcement. Trafficking - Situation in India India is a Republic comprising 28 States and seven Union Territories, and has a population of more that one billion. The Constitution of India envisages a parliamentary form of government and is federal in nature, with unitary features. The States of India vary greatly in terms of language, culture, religion and tradition. Over the years, India has emerged as a source, destination, and transit country for traffi cking for varied purposes such as for commercial sexual exploitation and labour. While intra-country traffi cking forms the bulk of the traffi cked victims, cross-border traffi cking also takes place, especially from Nepal and Bangladesh. Women and children are also traffi cked to the Middle Eastern countries and other parts of the world for purposes of cheap labour and commercial sexual exploitation. The number of traffi cked persons is diffi cult to determine due to the secrecy and clandestine nature of the crime. However, studies and surveys sponsored by the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) estimates that there are about three million prostitutes in the country, of which an estimated 40 percent are children, as there is a growing demand for very young girls to be inducted into prostitution on account of customer preferences. A few alarming trends that have emerged in recent years are sexual exploitation through sex tourism, child sex tourism, paedophilia, prostitution in pilgrim towns and other tourist destinations, cross-border traffi cking (especially from Nepal and Bangladesh) etc. Substantial efforts have been made in the last decade or so in the area of Anti-Human Traffi cking by government institutions/state machinery, the civil society organizations, the judiciary and the law enforcement authorities. The purpose of this India Country Report is multi-pronged: Primarily, it documents the journey traversed by India in addressing the issues of traffi cking in women and children from World Congress II (WCII - Yokohama, 2002) to World Congress III on Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents (WCIII - Rio de Janeiro, 2008)1. It elucidates the good practices in the area of anti-human traffi cking in the country and also acknowledges the efforts of the government, civil society organizations, international, bilateral and multilateral agencies, survivor groups, as well as dedicated individuals in the country to combat this heinous crime. Finally, the document also explicates the processes through which prevention, protection and prosecution efforts, towards anti-human traffi cking, have evolved in India. The report will not only be a tool for presenting the anti-human traffi cking efforts in India at the World Congress III (Rio de Janeiro, November 2008), but also act as an advocacy document to identify and infl uence future programming. Details: New Delhi, India: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime and Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India, 2008. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 15, 2019 at: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/India%20Country%20Report.pdf Year: 2008 Country: India URL: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/India%20Country%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 157008 Keywords: Child Sex TourismExploitationForced LaborIndiaProstitutionSex TourismSex TraffickingSex WorkTrafficking in Persons |
Author: Sida Title: Preventing and Responding to Gender-Based Violence: Expressions and Strategies Summary: Ending gender-based violence (GBV) and ensuring women's security is a priority for the Swedish government, a priority reflected in central objectives of Swedish policy for development cooperation. Sida defines GBV as any harm or suffering that is perpetrated against a woman or girl, man or boy and that has negative impact on the physical, sexual or psychological health, development or identity of the person. The cause of this violence is founded in gender-based inequalities and discrimination. GBV is the most extreme expression of these unequal gender relations in society, and a violation of human rights, as well as a main hindrance of the achievement of gender equality. In Sida's work an important point of departure is that GBV is preventable, which entails a focus on the root causes of violence and on possibilities for change. Women and girls are mostly affected by GBV, and globally at least one third of all women have been exposed to violence in an intimate relationship, but also men and boys can be subjected to GBV. Regardless, the violence is linked to gender inequalities and norms for gender. Most commonly GBV occurs in the family, but it also takes place at other arenas in society, private and public. GBV is an umbrella definition including a wide range of expressions of violence such as intimate partner violence, sexual violence by non-partners, Female Genital mutilation (FGM), honour violence, early marriage, violence against LGBTI and trafficking in human beings. In situations of war and conflict, GBV is particularly present. Entry points in addressing GBV is that gender-based violence is a violation of human rights, and that tackling GBV is crucial for poverty reduction and economic development. GBV is furthermore a key to protect sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR), and reverse the spread of HIV. It is also a security concern and a prerequisite for sustainable peace. When defining effective strategies to end a priority is to make efforts to prevent GBV. Given that GBV is linked to gender-based power inequalities, key in GBV prevention are efforts to increase gender equality and transformation of gender norms. Prevention strategies entail a shift from "victims" to "survivors" with a focus on women and girl's empowerment and agency, efforts to increase women's political and economic empowerment and sexual and reproductive rights, and to incorporate men and boys in the work. The strengthening of legal and policy framework is also of outmost importance, as are efforts to bridge the gap between law and practice and to end the impunity for GBV. Response to survivors, which meets their rights to protection and access to services, including shelters and health sector services, is also core. Details: Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2015. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 15, 2019 at: https://www.sida.se/contentassets/3a820dbd152f4fca98bacde8a8101e15/preventing-and-responding-to-gender-based-violence.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: https://www.sida.se/English/publications/159477/preventing-and-responding-to-gender-based-violence-expressions-and-strategies/ Shelf Number: 156918 Keywords: Female Genital MutilationForced MarriageGender Based ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceTrafficking in PersonsViolence Against Women |
Author: David, Fiona Title: Migrants and Their Vulnerability to Human Trafficking, Modern Slavery and Forced Labour Summary: Research suggests connections exist between migration and criminal forms of exploitation such as human trafficking, forced labour and modern slavery. Certainly, constellations of risk are seen in certain migrant communities and migration corridors. However, it is not known how many of the world's estimated 40 million victims of modern slavery are also migrants. Modern slavery, while not defined in law, serves as an umbrella term that emphasizes the commonalities between human trafficking, forced labour and slavery. Essentially, these are all situations of exploitation in which a person cannot refuse or leave an exploitative situation due to threats, violence, coercion, deception or abuse of power. If we are to understand the relationship between migration and modern slavery, it is important that we know more about which migrants are vulnerable to modern slavery, as well as when and in what enabling circumstances. The global community has pledged, through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to address global challenges to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. SDG 8.7 aims to eradicate modern slavery, trafficking, forced labour and the worst forms of child labour by 2030, and to end child labour by 2025. Alliance 8.7 is a multi-stakeholder partnership committed to achieving Target 8.7 through coordination, strengthening research, data, and knowledge management and sharing. Also covered by the SDGs is migration, most notably under SDG 10.7, which aims to facilitate orderly, safe, and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies. In addition, the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration seeks to embody the first intergovernmental agreement on international migration under the auspices of the United Nations. The Global Compact emphasizes the need to address and reduce the vulnerabilities in migration and, through its Objective 10, calls on the international community to "prevent and combat trafficking in persons in the context of international migration." Recognizing the importance of addressing modern slavery and specific vulnerabilities of migrants to modern slavery, this report has been prepared for the Alliance 8.7 Action Group on Migration to help to inform the activities of the group aimed at achieving SDG 8.7. The report examines the recent research literature on migration and modern slavery (published between 2014-2018) through a crime prevention lens, to identify a set of salient features that will help us better understand the relevant connections between migration and vulnerability to trafficking, forced labour, child labour, and modern slavery. Details: Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration, 2019. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 21, 2019 at: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/migrants-and-their-vulnerability-human-trafficking-modern-slavery-and-forced-labour Year: 2019 Country: International URL: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/migrants_and_their_vulnerability.pdf Shelf Number: 157026 Keywords: Child Labor Forced Labor Human Trafficking Migration Modern Slavery Trafficking in Persons |
Author: Polaris Project Title: Human Trafficking at Home: Labor Trafficking of Domestic Workers Summary: Agatha* came to the United States in 2007 on a temporary work visa. Even though she was hired as a nanny, she also had to work as a housekeeper and cook - without a pay increase to reflect those additional roles. Her employers did not give her adequate medical benefits, kept her passport, and threatened not to send money to her family, as promised, when she objected to their increasing demands. Agatha was finally able to contact the Polaris-operated National Human Trafficking Hotline in 2017 to get help. Her case represents just one of the approximately 8,000 labor trafficking cases reported to the National Hotline between December 2007 and December 2017. Nearly 23 percent of all labor trafficking cases originated from domestic workers like Agatha. Domestic workers include nannies, housekeepers, and in-home care givers who are especially vulnerable to labor trafficking. Their work conditions leave them physically isolated - and they are excluded from laws that protect other workers' rights. This is why Polaris and the National Domestic Workers Alliance (NDWA) are drawing attention to the complex world of domestic work and labor trafficking. Our new report with NDWA looks at the life of a domestic worker along a continuum and ends with a focus on strategies to keep domestic workers from becoming trafficking victims. In order to change this system, we must address lax labor laws, amend harmful visa policies, hold employers more accountable, and learn more about identifying and responding to the labor trafficking of domestic workers. Domestic workers make the economy work. Let us go to work for them. * Name changed to ensure confidentiality Details: Washington, DC: Polaris Project and National Domestic Workers Alliance, 2019. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 1, 2019 at: https://act.polarisproject.org/page/44469/subscribe/1 Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://polarisproject.org/domesticworkers Shelf Number: 157069 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Indentured Servitude Labor Policy Trafficking in Persons |
Author: Mixed Migration Centre Title: Players of Many Parts: The Evolving Role of Smugglers in West Africa's Migration Economy Summary: The trade and smuggling of people and goods have long played an important part in Sahelo-Saharan livelihoods. There are established patterns of migration between the Sahel and North Africa, including seasonal, temporary and circular movements. The so-called migration economy involves not only those facilitating the movement of people across borders, but also other aspects of the economy, such as hotels, restaurants, businesses offering phone calls, mobile credit and internet access, as well as food and water vendors. The Mixed Migration Monitoring Mechanism Initiative (4Mi) carried out a total of 153 interviews with smugglers and 3,406 interviews with refugees and migrants in Mali and Niger between August 2017 and August 2018. The surveys provide unique insight into the role of smugglers and their interaction with refugees and migrants. 4Mi survey data was complemented by semi-structured interviews and focus groups, and a literature review. Key findings: - Profiles of smugglers: Of the 153 smugglers interviewed, 142 were men and 11 were women, and the average age of the smugglers interviewed was 38. Smugglers interviewed in Mali originated mainly from Mali (68%), Algeria (14%), Mauritania (6%) and Cote d'Ivoire (5%), while in Niger they were for the most part from Niger (87%). Most reported to have started smuggling because they make more money with smuggling than their previous job (90% in Mali; 77% in Niger). While some reported that smuggling was their only job (32% in Niger; 19% in Mali), most said they had other jobs alongside their smuggling activities. - Nature of smuggling networks: West African smuggling networks are predominantly horizontal and rely on regional connectivity. Smugglers carry out one or several roles, and some have young assistants helping them, suggesting a more informal collaboration between different members of the network rather than a fixed chain of command. 4Mi data shows that in Niger smugglers have multiple roles and commitments within their networks. However, particularly in the region of Agadez, restrictive measures against smuggling implemented since 2016 have led to networks becoming more professional and less accessible for new players, with more fixed roles for those operating within these networks. In Mali, the modus operandi of smuggling networks is defined by state absence and the important role of armed groups in the political economy of the north. Networks operating in northern Mali are characterized by more professional and criminal-like activities and by the single allegiance and fixed roles of their members. - Refugees and migrants starting their journey with a smuggler: in Niger 20% of refugees and migrants said that smugglers had helped them start their journey, compared with 8% in Mali. Refugees and migrants interviewed in Niger who reported starting their journey with the help of a smuggler were mainly from Nigeria (26%), Guinea (12%) and Cote d’Ivoire (13%). In Mali they were mostly citizens of Guinea (28%), Burkina Faso (20%) and Cote d'Ivoire (12%). Role of smugglers in encouraging migration: 4Mi data suggests that smugglers are not instigators of migration. Only 6% of refugees and migrants interviewed by 4Mi in Mali and 5% interviewed in Niger said they had been encouraged to migrate by a smuggler. A much greater role in decision-making is played by friends (46% Niger; 37% Mali) and/or relatives. In many cases (51% Mali; 24% Niger) migrants made the decision alone. - Services provided by smugglers: the services provided by persons involved in the migration business in Mali and Niger are diverse. Most smugglers interviewed by 4Mi reported that they mainly provided accommodation (86% in Mali; 80% in Niger). This is followed by transportation to a holding place (71% in Mali; 52% in Niger), recruitment of clients (52% in Mali; 74% in Niger) and transit across a border (40% in Mali; 46% in Niger). - Protection incidents attributed to smugglers: according to refugees and migrants interviewed in Niger, smugglers were responsible for almost half (45%) of the 424 protection incidents reported. Other groups, such as thugs/criminal gangs and security forces were identified to a lesser extent as perpetrators (10% and 8% respectively). By contrast, in Mali, respondents attributed just 6% of all (648) protection incidents to smugglers, compared with 30% to security forces. Details: Dakar, Senegal: Mixed Migration Centre, 2019. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 1, 2019 at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/69916.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Africa URL: https://reliefweb.int/report/mali/players-many-parts-evolving-role-smugglers-west-africa-s-migration-economy Shelf Number: 157079 Keywords: Human Smuggling Migration Smugglers Trafficking in Persons |
Author: Transnational Alliance to Combat Illicit Trade Title: Mapping the Impact of Illicit Trade on the Sustainable Development Goals Summary: Illicit Trade and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): From smuggling, counterfeiting and tax evasion, to the illegal sale or possession of goods, services, humans and wildlife, illicit trade is compromising the attainment of the UN SDGs in significant ways, crowding out legitimate economic activity, depriving governments of revenues for investment in vital public services, dislocating millions of legitimate jobs and causing irreversible damage to ecosystems and human lives. Mapping the Impact of Illicit Trade on the Sustainable Development Goals: Despite the recognition of international trade as an important means to achieve the SDGs, insufficient attention has been given to the substantial impact that illicit trade has on holding back progress. In order to help governments and business better understand how their efforts to achieve sustainable development must account for the negative forces of illicit trade, this study maps the 17 UN SDGs against the following sectors: agri-foods, alcohol, fisheries, forestry, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, precious metals and gemstones, pesticides, tobacco, wildlife and all forms of counterfeiting and piracy. These sectors were chosen because they participate significantly in international trade and they are particularly vulnerable to illicit trade. Trafficking in persons is also examined as a particularly abhorrent phenomenon affecting supply chains and basic human rights as well as contributing to illicit trade practices. TRACIT would like to thank the Secretariat of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) for hosting the Dialogue on Illicit Trade and the Sustainable Development Goals, and assisting with sharing the study to UNCTAD Member States as part of the publication's public launch that took place in Geneva, Switzerland, on 18 July 2019. Details: New York: Transnational Alliance to Combat Illicit Trade, 2019. 130p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 1, 2019 at: https://unctad.org/meetings/en/Contribution/DITC2019_TRACIT_IllicitTradeandSDGs_fullreport_en.pdf Year: 2019 Country: International URL: https://www.globaltaxjustice.org/en/mapping-impact-illicit-trade-sustainable-development-goals Shelf Number: 157088 Keywords: Black Market Counterfeiting Human Rights Illegal Goods Illicit Trade Smuggling Supply Chain Sustainable Development Tax Evasion Trafficking in Persons |